Fístula enterocutánea: un enfoque desde las generalidades y el estado nutricional / Enterocutaneous fistula: An approach based on generalities and nutritional status

Introducción. Una fístula es una conexión anormal entre dos superficies epitelizadas. Cerca del 80 % de las fístulas entero-cutáneas son de origen iatrogénico secundarias a cirugía, y un menor porcentaje se relacionan con traumatismos, malignidad, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal o isquemia. La morbilidad y las complicaciones asociadas pueden ser significativas, como la desnutrición, en la que intervienen múltiples factores. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar y SciELO, utilizando las palabras claves descritas y se seleccionaron los artículos más relevantes de los últimos años. Resultados. La clasificación de las fístulas se basa en su anatomía, su gasto o secreción diaria y su localización. Existe una tríada clásica de las complicaciones: sepsis, desnutrición y anomalías electrolíticas. El control del gasto de la fístula, el drenaje adecuado de las colecciones y la terapia antibiótica son claves en el manejo precoz de estos pacientes. Los estudios recientes hacen hincapié en que la sepsis asociada con la desnutrición son las principales causas de mortalidad. Conclusiones. Esta condición representa una de las complicaciones de más difícil y prolongado tratamiento en cirugía abdominal y colorrectal, y se relaciona con importantes tasas de morbilidad, mortalidad y altos costos para el sistema de salud. Es necesario un tratamiento multidisciplinario basado en la reanimación con líquidos, el control de la sepsis, el soporte nutricional y el cuidado de la herida, entre otros factores.

Introduction. A fistula is an abnormal connection between two epithelialized surfaces. About 80% of enterocutaneous fistulas are of iatrogenic origin secondary to surgery, and a smaller percentage are related to trauma, malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease or ischemia. The associated morbidity and complications can be significant, such as malnutrition, in which multiple factors intervene. Methods. A literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO databases using the keywords described and the most relevant articles from recent years were selected. Results. The classification of fistulas is based on their anatomy, their daily secretion output, and their location. There is a classic triad of complications: sepsis, malnutrition and electrolyte abnormalities. Control of fistula output, adequate drainage of the collections and antibiotic therapy are key to the early management of these patients. Recent studies emphasize that sepsis associated with malnutrition are the main causes of mortality. Conclusions. This condition represents one of the most difficult and prolonged complications to treat in abdominal and colorectal surgery, and is related to significant rates of morbidity, mortality and high costs for the health system. Multidisciplinary treatment based on fluid resuscitation, sepsis control, nutritional support, and wound care, among other factors, is necessary.

Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders - The Impact of the Creation of a Multidisciplinary Team on Maternal Outcomes in Portugal / Patologia do espectro do acretismo placentário - O impacto da criação de uma equipa multidisciplinar nos desfechos maternos em Portugal

Abstract Objective To describe a cohort of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) cases from a tertiary care institution and compare the maternal outcomes before and after the creation of a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Methods Retrospective study using hospital databases. Identification of PAS cases with pathological confirmation between 2010 and 2021. Division in two groups: standard care (SC) group - 2010-2014; and MDT group - 2015-2021. Descriptive analysis of their characteristics and maternal outcomes. Results During the study period, there were 53 cases of PAS (24 - SC group; 29 - MDT group). Standard care group: 1 placenta increta and 3 percreta; 12.5% (3/24) had antenatal suspicion; 4 cases had a peripartum hysterectomy - one planned due to antenatal suspicion of PAS; 3 due to postpartum hemorrhage. Mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was 2,469 mL; transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC) in 25% (6/24) - median 7.5 units. Multidisciplinary team group: 4 cases of placenta increta and 3 percreta. The rate of antenatal suspicion was 24.1% (7/29); 9 hysterectomies were performed, 7 planned due to antenatal suspicion of PAS, 1 after intrapartum diagnosis of PAS and 1 after uterine rupture following a second trimester termination of pregnancy. The mean EBL was 1,250 mL, with transfusion of PRBC in 37.9% (11/29) - median 2 units. Conclusion After the creation of the MDT, there was a reduction in the mean EBL and in the median number of PRBC units transfused, despite the higher number of invasive PAS disorders.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever uma coorte de casos do espectro do acretismo placentário (PAS) de uma instituição terciária e comparar os resultados maternos antes e depois da criação de uma equipa multidisciplinar (MDT). Métodos Estudo retrospectivo utilizando bancos de dados hospitalares. Identificação de casos de PAS com confirmação patológica entre 2010 e 2021. Divisão em dois grupos: grupo Standard Care (SC) - 2010-2014; e grupo MDT - 2015-2021. Análise descritiva de suas características e desfechos maternos. Resultados Durante o período do estudo, houve 53 casos de PAS (24 - grupo SC; 29 - grupo MDT). Grupo Standard Care: 1 placenta increta e 3 percretas; 12,5% (3/24) tiveram suspeita anteparto; 4 casos tiveram histerectomia periparto - uma eletiva devido à suspeita anteparto de PAS; 3 devido a hemorragia pós-parto. A média de perda hemática estimada (EBL) foi de 2.469 mL; transfusão de concentrado eritrocitário (PRBC) em 25% (6/24) - mediana 7,5 unidades. Equipa multidisciplinar: 4 casos de placenta increta e 3 percretas. A taxa de suspeita anteparto foi de 24,1% (7/29); foram realizadas 9 histerectomias, 7 eletivas por suspeita anteparto de PAS, 1 após diagnóstico intraparto de PAS e 1 após rotura uterina após interrupção da gravidez no segundo trimestre. A EBL média foi de 1.250 mL, com transfusão de PRBC em 37,9% (11/29) - mediana de 2 unidades. Conclusão Após a criação da MDT, houve redução na média de EBL e na mediana do número de unidades de PRBC transfundidas, apesar do maior número de PAS invasivos.

Impacto de la superación profesional en la meteoro labilidad de la enfermedad cerebrovascular / Climate change and cardiovascular disease: impact of professional development

Introducción: La enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV) es una urgencia neurológica que en ocasiones se encuentra influenciada por los cambios del tiempo. La ECV isquémica es una emergencia médica con una ventana estrecha para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. El daño generado por esta enfermedad se estima mediante de la mortalidad, discapacidad e impacto social. Objetivo: Proponer un programa de capacitación basado en los efectos fisiopatológicos que provocan en los pacientes, cambios de tiempo y ritmo circadiano en el contexto de la adaptación al cambio climático. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio multietápico prospectivo en el Hospital Universitario Mártires del 9 de Abril del municipio Sagua la Grande entre los años 1993 a 2017. En la primera etapa se seleccionó un universo de 52 profesionales de la salud que atendieron a estos pacientes; en la segunda, 48 y en la tercera, 61. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento del personal de salud en una primera etapa era inadecuado (78,85 %); en la tercera, este porcentaje disminuyó (14,75 %). Como resultado de la capacitación mejoraron los tiempos de atención a los pacientes con ECV a su llegada al hospital, y en la tercera, más del 50 % de los enfermos fueron atendidos antes de las seis horas de inicio de los síntomas. Conclusiones: La capacitación sobre ECV basada en los efectos fisiopatológicos que provocan en los pacientes el cambio climático y el ritmo circadiano disminuyó el tiempo de espera, y se asoció con una reducción de la morbilidad y la mortalidad, después de aplicar este programa.

Introduction: cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is a neurological emergency that is sometimes influenced by climate changes. Ischemic CVD is a medical emergency with a narrow window for diagnosis and treatment. The damage generated by this disease is estimated through mortality, disability and social impact. Objective: to propose a training program based on the pathophysiological effects in patients caused by changes in time and circadian rhythm in the context of adaptation to climate change. Methods: a multistage prospective study was conducted at "Mártires del 9 de Abril" University Hospital in Sagua la Grande municipality between 1993 and 2017. A universe of health professionals who cared for these patients was selected as follows: 52 in the first stage; 48 in the second stage, and 61 in the third ones. Results: the level of knowledge of health personnel in the first stage was inadequate (78.85%); this percentage decreased in the third stage (14.75%). Care times for CVD patients improved upon arrival at the hospital as a result of the training, as well as in the third ones, more than 50% of the patients were seen within six hours of the onset of symptoms. Conclusions: CVD training based on the pathophysiological effects of climate change and circadian rhythm on patients decreased waiting time, and was associated with reduced morbidity and mortality, after applying this program.

Morbilidad de las fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas durante el aislamiento social en la pandemia COVID-19 / Osteoporotic vertebral fractures morbidity during social isolation on COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 afectó negativamente los sistemas de salud. Las fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas y el aislamiento social se relacionan con mayor morbimortalidad. Objetivos: caracterizar la morbilidad de las fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas y evaluar una posible relación entre morbilidad y nivel de aislamiento social se-cundario al estado de pandemia. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Resultados: se incluyeron en el estudio 45 adultos. La fractura fue mayorita-riamente lumbar con una evolución superior de 3 meses. El 35% presentaba seguimiento, el 48% había recibido tratamiento para osteoporosis y el 48% presentaba fracturas previas documentadas. El 46% refirió falta de accesibilidad al sistema. Se evaluó el aisla-miento social con la escala sociofamiliar de Gijón, que evidenció una situación buena en el 75% y un deterioro social intermedio/severo en el 24%. El Índice de Oswestry mostró una discapacidad mínima/moderada en el 66% y severa o mayor en el 33%. Se evaluó el dolor por la Escala análoga visual (VAS) y se obtuvo un VAS mayor de 5 en el 57%. Al comparar el grupo de situación sociofamiliar buena con el de deterioro social intermedio/severo se observó una diferencia en multipli-cidad de fracturas (p 0,030), hipovitaminosis D (p 0,045) y falta de accesibilidad (p 0,029). En discapacidad y dolor no hubo diferencias. Conclusión: el grupo con mayor aislamiento presentó una enfermedad más severa en términos de multiplicidad de fracturas e hipovitaminosis D; esto podría indicar una asociación entre aislamiento social secundario al estado de pandemia y morbilidad por las fracturas vertebrales. (AU)

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on healthcare systems. Osteoporotic vertebral fractures and social isolation have a significant morbidity in our setting. Objectives: to characterize the morbidity of osteoporotic vertebral fractures and evaluate a potential relationship between morbidity and the level of social isolation secondary to the pandemic. Material and methods: observational, analytical and cross-sectional study. Results: forty-five adults were included. Fractures were mostly lumbar with a history of over 3 months. Thirty-five percent (35%) had been followed-up, 48% had been treated for osteoporosis and 48% had previous documented fractures. Forty-six percent (46%) reported lack of accessibility to healthcare. Social isolation was measured using Gijón ́s social-familial evaluation scale, which showed a good situation in 75% of cases and an intermediate/severe social deterioration in 24%. According to the Oswestry index, disability was minimal/moderate in 66% of cases and severe or worse in 33%. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), with a score greater than 5 recorded in 57% of patients. When comparing the group with a good social-familial situation vs. the group with intermediate/severe social deterioration, differences were found in multiplicity of fractures (p 0.030), hypovitaminosis D (p 0.045) and lack of accessibility (p 0.029). No differences were found in disability and pain. Conclusion: the group with higher levels of isolation exhibited more severe disease in terms of multiplicity of fractures and hypovitaminosis D, which might suggest an association between social isolation secondary to the pandemic and morbidity due to vertebral fractures. (AU)

Morbilidad y mortalidad del cáncer infantil en un departamento del surde Colombia / Morbidity and mortality rates of childhood cancer in a southern department of Colombia / Morbidade e mortalidade por câncer infantil em um Estado do sul da Colômbia

Introducción:El cáncer infantil tiene repercusiones en la calidad de vida a corto y largo plazo de los niños afectados. En Colombia representa la tercera causa de muerte entre 1 y 14 años de edad. Objetivo:Describir la morbimortalidad por cáncer infantil en el departamento del Huila durante el periodo 2012 ­2016. Materiales y métodos:Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo exploratorio en menores de 18 años con diagnóstico de cáncer durante el 2012 a 2016 en el Huila, a partir de la información obtenida del Sistema Integral de Información de la Protección Social y Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística de Colombia. Resultados:Se detectaron 568 casos de cáncer infantil durante el periodo de estudio. El 54,3% correspondía a pediátricos del sexo masculino, 39,8% con edades comprendidas entre 10 a 14 años de edad, 60,4% residentes de la zona norte del departamento. Se registraron 117 casos de mortalidad por cáncer, con mayor frecuencia entre 5-9 años de edad, del sexo masculino. Conclusiones:Se evidenció altas tasas de morbimortalidad por cáncer infantil en la zona norte del departamento, se resalta la necesidad de futuras investigaciones que puedan explicar el comportamiento de tumores infantiles y definir programas de intervención en salud.

Introduction: Childhood cancer affects the short-term and long-term quality of life of the sick children. In Colombia, this disease represents the third cause of death in children between 1 and 14 years of age. Objective: To describe morbidity and mortality rates caused by childhood cancer in the department of Huila during the 2012-2016 period. Materials and methods: A descriptive exploratory study was conducted in children under 18 years of age diagnosed with cancer from 2012 to 2016 in Huila. The information was obtained from the Integral Information System of the Social Protection Ministry and the National Administrative Department of Statistics of Colombia. Results: 568 cases of childhood cancer were identified during the study period. 54.3% corresponded to pediatric male patients, of which 39.8% were aged between 10 to 14 years and 60.4% lived in the northern area of the department. 117 deaths due to cancer were reported, the most frequent cases being male children with ages between 5 to9 years. Conclusions: High morbidity and mortality rates because of childhood cancer were identified in the northernpart of the department. This highlights the need for future research to understand the behavior of childhood tumors and define health intervention programs.

Introdução:Introdução: O câncer infantil repercute na qualidade de vida a curto e longo prazo das crianças acometidas. Na Colômbia representa a terceira causa de morte entre 1 e 14 anos de idade. Objetivo:Descrever a morbimortalidade por câncer infantil no estado de Huila durante o período 2012 -2016. Materiais e métodos:Estudo exploratório descritivo realizado em crianças menores de 18 anos diagnosticadas com câncer durante 2012 a 2016 em Huila, com base nas informações obtidas do Sistema de Informação Integral deProteção Social e do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística da Colômbia. Resultados:Foram detectados 568 casos de câncer infantil no período do estudo. 54,3% correspondiam a médicos pediatras do sexo masculino, 39,8% com idade entre 10 e 14 anos, 60,4% residentes na zona norte do departamento. Foram registrados 117 casos de mortalidade por câncer, com maior frequência entre 5-9 anos de idade, do sexo masculino. Conclusões:Altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade por câncer infantil foram evidenciadas no norte do estado, destacando a necessidade de pesquisas futuras que possam explicar o comportamento dos tumores infantis e definir programas de intervenção em saúde.

Mortalidade por câncer de mama em mulheres idosas no Brasil e nas grandes regiões: uso do SISAP-Idoso / Breast cancer mortality in elderly women in Brazil and metropolitan regions: use of SISAP-Idoso / Mortalidad por cáncer de mama en mujeres mayores en Brasil y regiones metropolitanas: uso de SISAP-Idoso

A idade avançada é um dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer de mama. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a situação epidemiológica e o acesso ao diagnóstico do câncer de mama entre idosas nas regiões do Brasil. O estudo é descritivo e compreende o período entre 2000 a 2019. Analisam-se indicadores de mortalidade, morbidade e acesso ao diagnóstico. A qualidade da informação da mortalidade foi analisada pelo indicador 'óbitos com causa básica mal definida'. Segundo os resultados, a maioria dos óbitos foi prematura. As regiões Sul e Sudeste tiveram as maiores taxas de mortalidade por câncer de mama. Nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, há maior subnotificação de óbitos devido à qualidade das informações sobre mortalidade. Conclui-se que as idosas devem ser consideradas nas ações e nos programas sobre câncer de mama e que se deve aumentar o acesso ao diagnóstico das idosas

Advanced age is one of the risk factors for developing breast cancer. The aim of this study is to present the epidemiological situation and the access to breast cancer diagnosis among older people in the regions of Brazil. The study is descriptive and covers the period between 2000 and 2019. Indicators of mortality, morbidity and access to diagnosis are analyzed. The quality of information on mortality was assessed using the indicator 'deaths with an ill-defined underlying cause'. According to the results, most deaths were pre-mature. The South and Southeast regions had the highest mortality rates from breast cancer. In the North and Northeast regions, there is a greater underreporting of deaths due to the quality of information on mortality. It is concluded that the elderly should be considered in actions and programs on breast cancer and that access to diagnosis for the elderly should be expanded

La edad avanzada es uno de los factores de riesgo para desarrollar cáncer de mama. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar la situación epidemiológica y el acceso al diagnóstico de cáncer de mama entre mujeres ancianas en las regiones de Brasil. El estudio es descriptivo y abarca el período comprendido entre 2000 y 2019. Se analizan indicadores de mortalidad, morbilidad y acceso al diagnóstico. La calidad de la infor-mación sobre mortalidad se evaluó mediante el indicador 'muertes con causa subyacente mal definida'. Según los resultados, la mayoría de las muertes fue prematura. Las regiones Sur y Sudeste presentaron las mayores tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama. En las regiones Norte y Nordeste, existe un mayor sub-registro de muertes debido a la calidad de la información sobre mortalidad. Se concluye que los ancianos deben ser considerados en las acciones y programas sobre el cáncer de mama y que debe ampliarse el acceso al diagnóstico de los ancianos

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con vejiga neurogénica en la Unidad Técnica de Cirugía Pediátrica / Diagnosis and treatment of patients with Neurogenic bladder in the Surgery Technical Unit Pediatric

El presente trabajo toma como base el documento: "Manejo Urológico del Mielomeningocele" de las Guías de Atención Pediátrica, del Hospital De Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan" de la ciudad de Buenos Aires - Argentina; de los autores: Dra. Carol Burek y Dra. Liliana Campmany. En la Unidad Técnica de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, se atienden por mes unos 50 a 70 pacientes afectos de vejiga neurogénica desde el nacimiento hasta la adolescencia. Es una enfermedad crónica que requiere un diagnóstico correcto con estudios de imagen y función de la vía urinaria además de un posterior manejo diario por parte de los padres con la guía del médico especialista.

This work is based on the document: "Urological Management of Myelomeningocele" from the Pediatric Care Guidelines of the Hospital De Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan" of the city of Buenos Aires - Argentina; by the authors: Dr. Carol Burek and Dr. Liliana Campmany. In the Pediatric Surgery Technical Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, 50 to 70 patients affected by neurogenic bladder from birth to adolescence are treated every month. It is a chronic disease that requires a correct diagnosis with imaging and urinary tract function studies, as well as subsequent daily management by the parents under the guidance of the specialist.

Morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes llevados a gastrectomía por cáncer gástrico / Morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Introducción. El cáncer gástrico es la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer a nivel mundial, con más de un millón de casos diagnosticados cada año. La cirugía con intención curativa sigue siendo el pilar del manejo para los pacientes resecables. La identificación de pacientes con mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad es importante para el proceso de toma de decisiones, sin existir hasta el momento una herramienta ideal. La revisión y el análisis de la experiencia de un centro oncológico de referencia pueden generar información útil. Métodos. Estudio observacional de cohorte histórica, en el que se incluyeron los pacientes llevados a gastrectomía por adenocarcinoma gástrico en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, entre el 1° de enero del 2010 y el 31 de diciembre del 2017. Resultados. Se evaluaron 332 pacientes, de los cuales el 57,2 % eran hombres con edad promedio de 61 años. La mortalidad en esta serie fue del 4,5 % y la morbilidad de 34,9 %. El factor asociado con mayor riesgo de muerte fue la edad, con un HR de 1,05 (p=0,021). Se encontró un mayor riesgo en el grupo de pacientes con ASA mayor a II (p=0,009).El 17,4 % presentaron complicaciones mayores a IIIA de la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo. Conclusiones. En el presente trabajo las cifras de morbilidad y mortalidad son similares a las reportadas en la literatura. Solo la edad y la clasificación de ASA mostraron asociación con valor estadístico significativo para complicaciones postoperatorias

Introduction. Gastric cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide with more than one million cases diagnosed each year. Surgery with curative intent remains the mainstay of management for resectable patients. Identify patients at increased risk of morbidity and mortality is important for the decision making process, with no ideal tool available yet. Review and analysis of the experience of a referral cancer center may generate useful information. Methods. Historical cohort observational study. Patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma at the National Cancer Institute in Bogotá, Colombia, between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017 were included. Results. We included 332 patients of which 57.2% were men with mean age of 61 years. Mortality in this series was 4.5% and morbidity was 34.9%. The factor associated with higher risk of death was age with a HR of 1.05 statistically significant value (p=0.021). A higher risk was found in the group of patients with ASA greater than II (p=0.009). The 17.4% presented complications greater than IIIA of the Clavien Dindo classification. Conclusions. In this study morbidity and mortality seem similar to those reported in the literature. Only age and ASA score showed an association with significant statistical value for postoperative complications

Uso de suplementos nutricionais por crianças vivendo com HIV: revisão narrativa / Use of dietary supplements by children living with HIV: narrative review / Uso de suplementos dietéticos por niños que viven con el HIV: revisión narrativa

Introdução: A suplementação nutricional em pessoas vivendo com HIV ainda é pouco difundida, sendo essencial o levantamento de evidências que apontem as terapêuticas mais eficientes para beneficiar a saúde desta população. Ao se tratar do público infantil, no qual a prevalência de carências nutricionais é elevada, o conhecimento acerca da suplementação nutricional é bastante profícuo. Objetivo: Analisar relatórios de pesquisa acerca dos efeitos do uso de suplementos nutricionais em crianças vivendo com HIV. Desenho do estudo e local: Uma revisão narrativa realizada na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, em Imperatriz, município localizado no oeste do estado do Maranhão. Método: Foi realizada uma busca nos bancos de dados Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, WHO/OMS e biblioteca digital de teses e dissertações da USP entre setembro de 2021 a janeiro de 2022. Resultados: Foram incluídas 26 produções, as quais demonstraram que o uso de múltiplos nutrientes reduziu o tempo de hospitalização em crianças admitidas com diarreia ou pneumonia, melhorando a morbidade, concentração de hemoglobina e ganho ponderal. A oferta de ferro foi considerada satisfatória no combate à progressão da doença, vitamina A melhorou o quadro de diarreia persistente e vitamina D a habilidade motora neuromuscular. Conclusão: Os estudos sobre suplementação nutricional e a relação dos nutrientes com os diversos aspectos de saúde das crianças vivendo com HIV tem avançado. Logo, é necessário alargar as pesquisas no tema em contextos distintos, a fim de incrementar e gerar novas evidências, colaborando para uma conduta mais assertiva dos profissionais de saúde e consequente melhora no prognóstico dessas crianças.

Background: Providing nutritional supplementation to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a therapeutic intervention still not widespread, so it is essential to gather evidence supporting efficient therapies to benefit the health of this population. The prevalence of nutritional deficiencies is high in children; consequently, the knowledge about nutritional supplementation in this age group is quite fruitful. Objective: To analyze research reports on the effects of nutritional supplementation in children living with HIV. Design and setting: A narrative review was conducted at the Federal University of Maranhão, Imperatriz, west of the Maranhão State. Methods: The searches were performed in the Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and World Health Organization (WHO) databases and the São Paulo University's digital library of theses and dissertations from September 2021 to January 2022. Results: Twenty-six studies were included and showed that using multiple nutrients reduced the hospitalization time of children admitted with diarrhea or pneumonia, improving morbidity, hemoglobin concentration, and weight gain. The supply of iron was considered effective in combating the progression of the disease, vitamin A improved the condition of persistent diarrhea, and vitamin D improved neuromuscular motor skills. Conclusion: Studies have advanced on nutritional supplementation, the relationship between nutrients, and the different health aspects of children living with HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to expand research on the subject in different contexts to increase and generate new evidence, contributing to more assertive conduct of health professionals and consequent improvement in the prognosis of these children.

Antecedentes: La administración de suplementos nutricionales a las personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es una intervención terapéutica aún poco extendida, por lo que es fundamental reunir pruebas que apoyen terapias eficaces en beneficio de la salud de esta población. La prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales es elevada en niños, por lo que el conocimiento sobre la suplementación nutricional en este grupo de edad es bastante fructífero. Objetivo: Analizar los informes de investigación sobre los efectos de la suplementación nutricional en niños que viven con el VIH. Diseño y escenario: Se realizó una revisión narrativa en la Universidad Federal de Maranhão, Imperatriz, al oeste del Estado de Maranhão. Métodos: Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus y Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y en la biblioteca digital de tesis y disertaciones de la Universidad de São Paulo desde septiembre de 2021 hasta enero de 2022. Resultados: Se incluyeron 26 estudios que mostraron que el uso de múltiples nutrientes redujo el tiempo de hospitalización de los niños ingresados con diarrea o neumonía, mejorando la morbilidad, la concentración de hemoglobina y el aumento de peso. El aporte de hierro se consideró eficaz para combatir la progresión de la enfermedad, la vitamina A mejoró el cuadro de diarrea persistente y la vitamina D mejoró las habilidades motoras neuromusculares. Conclusiones: Los estudios han avanzado sobre la suplementación nutricional, la relación entre los nutrientes y los diferentes aspectos de la salud de los niños que viven con el VIH. Por lo tanto, es necesario ampliar las investigaciones sobre el tema en diferentes contextos para aumentar y generar nuevas evidencias, contribuyendo para una conducta más asertiva de los profesionales de salud y consecuente mejoría en el pronóstico de estos niños.

Consecuencias físicas y psicológicas de la violencia obstétrica en países de Latinoamérica / Physical and psychological consequences of obstetric violence in Latin American countries

El término violencia obstétrica tiene sus orígenes en Latinoamérica, se considera una expresión de violencia de género y de violencia institucional contra la mujer. Puede ser ejercida de dos maneras, física y psicológica, por lo que se pretende definir la violencia obstétrica, su origen, divisiones, relación con los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la mujer, así como identificar sus consecuencias físicas y psicológicas. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Medigraphic, SciELO y Google Académico, fueron incluidas únicamente las publicaciones que se encontraron a texto completo, en español, inglés y portugués durante los años 2014 al 2022. La violencia obstétrica provoca que los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres sean quebrantados, lo que hace imprescindible que todos los involucrados en la atención en salud conozcan las repercusiones físicas y psicológicas relacionadas que contribuyen a la morbimortalidad de la madre y el recién nacido, tales como: desgarros vaginales, problemas en la lactancia materna, síndrome de estrés postraumático y depresión posparto

The term obstetric violence has its origins in Latin America, it is considered an expression of gender violence and institutional violence against women. It can be exercised in two ways, physical and psychological, therefore, the aim is to define obstetric violence, its origin, divisions, and relation with women's sexual and reproductive rights, as well as to identify its physical and psychological consequences. A bibliographic search was conducted in Medigraphic, SciELO, and Google Scholar, including only publications that were found in full text, in Spanish, English, and Portuguese during the years 2014 to 2022. Obstetric violence causes the violation of women's sexual and reproductive rights, which makes it essential for all those involved in health care to be aware of the related physical and psychological repercussions that contribute to maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality, such as vaginal tears, breastfeeding problems, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and postpartum depression

Early death, morbidity and pharmacotherapy in extremely premature and very premature in neonatal intensive care units / Morte precoce, morbidade e farmacoterapia em prematuros extremos e muito prematuros em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the evolution of extremely preterm and very preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units, regarding the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death, survival and viability. Methods: a non-concurrent cohort study, with 163 very premature and extreme newborns hospitalized in three neonatal intensive care units, during 2016 and 2017. A descriptive analysis of the data obtained from the medical records was performed. The outcomes studied were the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death and causes of death. A survival curve was constructed and a viability limit was defined. Results: in the study, 28.2% were extreme and 71.8% were very premature. In this order of subgroups, the need for mechanical ventilation was higher for the extremes (65.2% and 41.0%) and the main diagnosis was early sepsis (78.6% and 82.6). Off-label (60.5% and 47.9%) and off-license (25.3% and 29.0%) medications were used. Most deaths (57.8%) occurred between the extremes, mainly due to septic shock. Survival was lower for the lowest gestational ages and the limit of viability was between 26 and 27 weeks. Conclusions: the main morbidities were from the respiratory system, with high use of off-label and unlicensed medications. Extremes had a greater demand for intensive care in addition to needing more drugs and progressing more to death.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a evolução dos prematuros extremos e muito prematuros internados em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, quanto ao uso de suporte ventilatório e de medicamentos, óbito, sobrevida e viabilidade. Métodos: estudo de coorte não concorrente, com 163 recém-nascidos muito prematuros e extremos internados em três unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, durante 2016 e 2017. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados obtidos dos prontuários. Os desfechos estudados foram o uso de suporte ventilatório, morbidades, uso de medicamentos, óbito e causas de óbito. Foi construída curva de sobrevivência e delimitado um limite de viabilidade. Resultados: no estudo, 28,2% eram extremos e 71,8% muito prematuros. Nessa ordem de subgrupos, a necessidade de ventilação mecânica foi maior para os extremos (65,2% e 41,0%) e o principal diagnóstico foi sepse precoce (78,6% e 82,6).Medicamentos off-label (60,5% e 47,9%) e sem-licença (25,3% e 29,0%) foramutilizados. A maioria dos óbitos (57,8%) ocorreu entre os extremos, principalmente por choque séptico. A sobrevivência foi menor para as menores idades gestacionais e o limite de viabilidade ficou entre 26 e 27 semanas. Conclusões: as principais morbidades foram do sistema respiratório, com alto uso de medicamentos off-label e sem licença. Extremos tiveram maior demanda de cuidados intensivos além de necessitarem de mais medicamentos e evoluírem mais ao óbito.

Factors associated with severe maternal, fetuses and neonates' outcomes in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro State / Fatores associados a desfechos graves maternos, fetais e neonatais em um hospital universitário do estado do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the burden of parturients, fetuses and neonate's severe morbidity and mortality and investigate the association between maternal and their conceptus outcomes. Methods: retrospective cohort of 546 parturients and their conceptus in a university hospital, reference for high-risk pregnancy, in the metropolitan region II of Rio de Janeiro State from 2015 to 2017. We classified parturients according to obstetric morbidity (OM) in direct, indirect, or mixed, and their outcomes as: 1) no severity, 2) severe complication (SC), 3) critical intervention/Intensive Care Unit, and 4) greater severity -maternal near-miss (MNM) or death. We evaluated the conceptus as neonatal near-miss (NNM) and fetal and neonatal deaths. We estimated morbimortality indicators and associated factors (multinomial logistic regression). Results: OM was frequent: 29.3% indirect, 22.3% direct, and 15.8% mixed. There were eight cases of NMM, seven with direct MO. Among the conceptus: 7.5% were NNM cases and 4.4%, deaths. The risk of severe maternal outcomes was 16.8 and neonatal, 102.6/1000 live births. Mixed race, inadequate prenatal care, CG and NMM/death, were associated with NNM. Inadequate prenatal care and maternal NM/death were associated with conceptus deaths. Conclusion: even in a reference unit, sociodemographic, and health care inequalities negatively affect mothers and, consequently, their children.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a carga de morbidade grave e mortalidade em parturientes, fetos e neonatos e investigar a associação entre os desfechos maternos e de seus conceptos. Métodos: coorte retrospectiva de 546 parturientes e seus conceptos no hospital universitário referência para gravidez de alto risco da região metropolitana II do estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), de 2015 a 2017. Classificamos as parturientes segundo morbidade obstétrica (MO) em direta, indireta e mista, e seus desfechos como: 1) sem gravidade, 2) complicação grave (CG), 3) intervenção crítica/ Unidade Terapia Intensiva e 4) maior gravidade-near miss materno (NMM) ou óbito. Avaliamos os conceptos quanto a near miss neonatal (NMN), óbitos fetais e neonatais. Estimamos indicadores de morbimortalidade, e fatores de associação (regressão logística multinomial). Resultados: MO foi frequente: 29,3% indiretas, 22,3% diretas e 15,8% mista. Ocorreram oito casos de NMM, sete com MO direta. Entre os conceptos,7,5% foram casos de NMN e 4,4%, óbitos. O risco de desfecho grave materno foi 16,8 e neonatal, 102,6 p/1000 nascidos vivos. Estiveram associados ao NMN: cor parda, pré-natal inadequado, CG e NMM/óbito; e ao óbito do concepto: pré-natal inadequado e NMM/óbito. Conclusão: mesmo em situação de referência, desigualdades sociodemográficas e assistenciais afetam negativamente mães e, consequentemente, seus conceptos.

Resiliência: avaliação de pacientes queimados em um hospital de urgência e emergência / Resilience: evaluation of burned patients in an urgency and emergency hospital / Resiliencia: evaluación de pacientes quemados en un hospital de urgencias y emergencias

A recuperação de vítimas de queimaduras é longa e dolorosa e afeta diversas esferas da vida do paciente. A resiliência, que se refere à capacidade humana de enfrentar e se adaptar a eventos adversos, exerce grande importância no processo de recuperação da queimadura. Logo, este trabalho objetiva avaliar a capacidade de resiliência de pacientes queimados, no momento da admissão e da alta hospitalar, em um hospital de emergência e urgência de Goiânia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo e transversal que utiliza a Escala de Resiliência de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) como instrumento de mensuração. Na admissão hospitalar, a média da resiliência foi de 71,35, tendo sido observada uma relação significativa entre o fator Amparo da escala CD-RISC e a presença do(a) companheiro(a). O escore de resiliência encontrado nesta pesquisa é consistente com outros achados da literatura científica internacional e nacional referente à expressão da resiliência em vítimas de queimaduras e outros adoecimentos. A relação entre o fator Amparo e a presença de um(a) companheiro(a) enfatiza a importância da rede de apoio familiar na reabilitação do paciente queimado.(AU)

The recovery of burned patients is long and painful and impacts on different areas of people's lives. Resilience, which refers to the human capacity to face and adapt to adverse events, plays a major role in the process of recovery from burns. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the resilience of burned patients, on admission and hospital discharge, in an emergency and urgency hospital in Goiânia. This is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study that uses the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD RISC) as a measuring instrument. At hospital admission, the mean resilience was 71.35, with a significant association between the Support factor on the CD RISC scale and the presence of a partner. The resilience score found in the present study is consistent with other findings in the international and national scientific literature regarding the expression of resilience in victims of burns and other illnesses. The relationship between the Support factor and the presence of a partner emphasizes the importance of the family support network in the rehabilitation of the burned patient.(AU)

La recuperación de los pacientes quemados es larga y dolorosa e impacta en diferentes esferas de la vida de las personas. La resiliencia, que se refiere a la capacidad humana para enfrentar y adaptarse a eventos adversos, juega un papel importante en el proceso de recuperación de las quemaduras. Por tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la resiliencia de los pacientes quemados, en el momento del ingreso y el alta, en un hospital de emergencia y urgencia en Goiânia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal que utiliza la Escala de Resiliencia Connor-Davidson (CD RISC) como instrumento de medida. Al ingreso hospitalario, la resiliencia media fue de 71,35, con associación significativa entre el factor Amparo de la escala CD RISC y la presencia de pareja. El puntaje de resiliencia encontrado en el presente estudio es consistente con otros hallazgos en la literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre la expresión de resiliencia en víctimas de quemaduras y otras enfermedades. La relación entre el factor Amparo y la presencia de pareja enfatiza la importancia de la red de apoyo familiar en la rehabilitación del paciente quemado.(AU)

Donor Site Morbidity of Nonvascularized Bone Graft: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the donor site morbidity of iliac and fibular nonvascularized bone graft after mandibular resection. Material and Methods: This study was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in PubMed, Proquest, Science Direct, and Ebsco. A total of 12 studies met the criteria of studies in humans using iliac and fibular nonvascularized bone grafts in mandibular reconstruction after mandibular resection. Results: A greater proportion of patients received iliac nonvascularized bone graft (88.9%) than fibular nonvascularized bone graft (11.1%). Of the 385 cases of iliac bone graft, 153 cases (40%) experienced complications at the iliac donor site, whereas in 48 cases of fibular bone graft, two (4%) experienced complications at the donor site. Hemorrhage, bone fracture, infection requiring debridement, and hematoma were the major complications. Conclusion: The morbidity rate of the nonvascularized bone graft donor site of the fibula (4%) tended to be lower than that of the ilium (40%). Patient age and defect size were not significantly correlated with the occurrence of morbidity donor sites in either the ilium or fibula.

Epidemiologia do câncer em crianças e adolescentes no Município de São Paulo, 1997 a 2016 / Epidemiology of cancer in children and adolescents in the city of São Paulo, 1997 to 2016

Introdução: Estima-se que o câncer em crianças e adolescentes (0 a 19 anos) corresponda até 3% de todos os tumores malignos. É uma das principais causas de óbito nesta faixa etária, e representa um importante problema de saúde pública. Nas últimas décadas, diversos países apresentaram aumento ou estabilidade das taxas de incidência, e queda nas taxas de mortalidade. Objetivo: Analisar as tendências das taxas de incidência e mortalidade do câncer em crianças e adolescentes no Município de São Paulo, e estimar os efeitos de idade, período e coorte de nascimento. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo ecológico de séries temporais. Os casos novos de câncer, entre 1997 e 2016, foram obtidos através do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional do Município de São Paulo, e os óbitos, entre 1997 e 2021, a partir do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Dados populacionais foram acessados através da página eletrônica da Prefeitura de São Paulo. Foram calculadas taxas de incidência e mortalidade brutas, específicas e padronizadas por sexo e idade. Para avaliar a tendência temporal do câncer, foram ajustados modelos de regressão múltipla, segundo sexo e faixa etária. Para avaliar a influência da idade, período e coortes de nascimento na tendência da incidência e mortalidade, foi utilizado o modelo idade-período-coorte. Resultados: Foram registrados 13.065 casos de câncer entre 1997 e 2016 e 4.130 óbitos entre 1997 e 2021. As taxas de incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade foram 195,2 por milhão e 49,7 por milhão, respectivamente. Durante todo o período, as taxas permaneceram maiores em crianças de 0 a 4 anos e adolescentes, ambos do sexo masculino. Os grupos diagnósticos mais comuns foram as leucemias (21,9%), linfomas (15,3%) e tumores do sistema nervoso central (11,8%). O grupo mais frequente em crianças de 0 a 14 anos foi a leucemia, em adolescentes do sexo masculino os linfomas, e do sexo feminino as neoplasias epiteliais e outros melanomas. Enquanto a proporção de linfomas e neoplasias epiteliais aumentou com a idade, a dos neuroblastomas, tumores renais e leucemias diminuiu, para ambos os sexos. O período entre 1997 e 2005 foi marcado pelo aumento das taxas de incidência em crianças de 0 a 4 anos do sexo masculino (12,7 casos por milhão ao ano; IC = 9,0 : 16,3) e feminino (3,4 casos por milhão por ano; IC = -0,7 : 7,6) e entre 5 e 9 anos, em ambos os sexos (4,2 casos por milhão por ano; IC = 1,4: 6,9). A partir de 2005, a tendência foi de queda, para todas as faixas etárias. Entre 1997 e 2006, a taxa de mortalidade apresentou aumento apenas em crianças de 5 a 9 anos, em ambos os sexos (0,9 casos por milhão por ano; IC = -0,1 : 1,9). Após esse período, houve declínio contínuo das taxas para todas as faixas etárias. Foi identificado um componente importante deste comportamento, determinado pela coorte de nascimento. Conclusões: O câncer apresenta características específicas em crianças e adolescentes; as tendências de incidência e mortalidade contém diferentes componentes determinados por sexo, idade, período e coorte de nascimento.

Introduction: It is estimated that cancer in children and adolescents (0 to 19 years old) accounts for up to 3% of all malignant tumors. It is one of the main causes of death in this age group, and represents an important public health problem. In recent decades, several countries have shown an increase or stability in incidence rates, and a drop in mortality rates. Objective: To analyze trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in children and adolescents in the city of São Paulo, and to estimate the effects of age, period and birth cohort. Methods: This is an ecological time series study. New cases of cancer, between 1997 and 2016, were obtained through the Population-Based Cancer Registry of the Municipality of São Paulo, and deaths, between 1997 and 2021, from the Mortality Information System. Population data were accessed through the São Paulo City Hall website. Crude, gender-specific, and age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated. To assess the temporal trend of cancer, multiple linear regression models were adjusted according to sex and age group. To assess the influence of age, period and birth cohorts on the trend of incidence and mortality, the age-period-cohort model was used. Results: 13,065 cases of cancer were recorded between 1997 and 2016 and 4,130 deaths between 1997 and 2021. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were 195.2 per million and 49.7 per million, respectively. Throughout the period, rates remained higher in children aged 0 to 4 years and adolescents, both males. The most common diagnostic groups were leukemias (21.9%), lymphomas (15.3%) and central nervous system tumors (11.8%). The most common group in children aged 0 to 14 years was leukemia, in male adolescents lymphomas, and in female adolescents epithelial neoplasms and other melanomas. While the proportion of lymphomas and epithelial neoplasms increased with age, that of neuroblastomas, renal tumors and leukemias decreased, for both sexes. The period between 1997 and 2005 was marked by an increase in incidence rates in male (12.7 cases per million per year; CI = 9.0: 16.3) and female (3.4 cases per million per year; CI = -0.7: 7.6) and between 5 and 9 years, in both sexes (4.2 cases per million per year; CI = 1.4: 6.9). From 2005 onwards, the trend was downward, for all age groups. Between 1997 and 2006, the mortality rate increased only in children aged 5 to 9 years, in both sexes (0.9 cases per million per year; CI = -0.1 : 1.9). After this period, there was a continuous decline in rates for all age groups. An important component of this behavior, determined by birth cohort, was identified. Conclusions: Cancer has specific characteristics in children and adolescents; incidence and mortality trends contain different components determined by sex, age, period and birth cohort.

Evaluate the incidence, topography, management, and outcomes in patients with polytrauma in the Suez Canal and Sinai areas

Introduction: The global prevalence of trauma-related mortality ranges from 2% to 32%; however, In Egypt, it reaches 8%. Trauma chiefly affects people in the productive age group; seriously ill patients with multiple injuries present with various levels of polytrauma. Application of incorrect triage systems and improperly trained trauma teams increase mortality and morbidity rates in non-dedicated institutions; however, these rates can decrease with appropriate infrastructure. This study aimed to improve the quality of care for patients with polytrauma through improved knowledge of the different severity levels of polytrauma and defined databases, using a suitable triage trauma system, well-trained trauma team, and appropriate infrastructure. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the emergency department (ED), over a study period of 7 months, from August 10, 2019, to March 09, 2020. This study included 458 patients with polytrauma who had met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and attended the ED of Suez Canal University Hospital. Results: The incidence of trauma among all emergency cases in the ED was 5.3%. However, most multiple injuries are mild, accounting for 44.4%, while 27.3% of the cases had life-threatening injuries. Moreover, 41.9% of the patients were managed non-operatively, whereas 58.1% of the patients required surgical interventions. Concerning the outcome, 56% and 6.9% of patients with and without life-threatening injuries respectively, died. Conclusion: Facilities of the highest quality should be available for patients with polytrauma, especially those with life-threatening injuries. In addition, training emergency medical service staff for trauma triage is essential, and at least one tertiary hospital is required in every major city in the Suez Canal and Sinai areas to decrease trauma-related mortality.

Risk factors associated with COVID-19 morbidity and mortality at a national tertiary referral treatment centre in Ghana: a retrospective analysis

Introduction: there is a substantial variation in COVID-19 case fatality rates across different locations, which may be due to differences in population age structure, patient factors, or health system factors. The study evaluated the clinical features and risk of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality among confirmed cases at COVID-19 referral treatment centre. Methods: the study was a retrospective analysis of routine data of cases admitted and treated between March 2020 to March 2021 at Greater Accra Regional Hospital (Ridge Hospital). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, simple and multiple logistic regression. Results: the overall mortality rate among this cohort of patients was 34.4%. Compared to survivors, non-survivors were older patients, non-insured, had a higher frequency of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and were more prone to suffer from a severe form of COVID-19 infection. Compared to survivors, non-survivors showed elevated levels of white blood cell count, platelets, higher heartbeat per minute and lower levels of haemoglobin, creatinine, and oxygen saturation. The independent risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in the national treatment centre were shorter stay of hospitalizations, having a heart disease, difficulty in breathing, increased in concentration of platelets, and creatinine. A 1% increase in oxygen saturation decreased a patient's likelihood of dying from COVID-19 by 29.0%. Conclusion: this study showed COVID-19 mortality was associated with a shorter stay in hospital, having heart disease, dyspnoea, elevated levels of platelets and creatinine, and decreased oxygen saturation. There is a need for awareness creation about these risk factors to clinicians and public health officials.

Psychosocial factors associated with psychiatric morbidity in higher institution students in Nigeria

Introduction: Mental health disorders in undergraduates are often undetected and may predispose to other academic and social complications. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of probable psychiatric morbidity among students of University of Ilorin, Nigeria and the psycho-social factors that are associated with psychiatric morbidity in them. Methods: Socio-demographic questionnaire and the 12-item General health questionnaire (GHQ-12) were administered to 3,300 undergraduate students to assess psychosocial variables and psychiatric morbidity respectively. Results: About 23.5% of respondents scored >3 using the GHQ-12 questionnaire, signifying a likehood of psychiatric morbidity. Students from polygamous families were 1.3 times more likely to have GHQ scores of >3 than those from monogamous (OR=1.276, P=0.026). Those who had unemployed fathers were twice more likely to have a GHQ > 3 than those with employed fathers. (OR=2.084, P=0.005).Those who lived in houses with shared toilet facilities were 1.3 times more likely to have GHQ >3 (OR=1.310, P=0.028) Conclusion: This study calls for a careful consideration and modification of the various psychosocial factors associated with pschiatric morbidity in order to ensure a mentally healthy and vibrant student community

Facteurs de morbidité du syndrome de mal-être post-rachianesthésie / Morbidity factors of post-spinal anesthesia disease syndrome

La pratique de la rachianesthésie est motivée par la qualité de l'analgésie post-opératoire qu'elle procure. Cependant, la rachianesthésie reste comme tout acte médical associée à certains accidents. Méthodes : C'est une étude prospective, descriptive et analytique qui s'est déroulée sur une période d'un (01) mois allant du 07 Mai 2022 au 07 Juin 2022 au CHU d'Angré. Résultats : la rachianesthésie a été réalisée dans 188 des cas, soit un taux de 60% de l'ensemble des interventions. Le sexe ratio était de 0,13 et l'âge moyen était de 33 ± 10 ans. L'antécédent le plus retrouvé était l'HTA. La bupivacaine était le seul anesthésique local utilisé avec comme adjuvant la morphine, le fentanyl ou l'association morphine -fentanyl. Les incidents peropératoires étaient dominés par les troubles hémodynamiques à type d'hypotension artérielle (98,7%) et de bradycardie. Les patients ayant présenté un syndrome de mal être post opératoire représentaient 70,8% de notre effectif. Le Syndrome de Mal Etre post opératoires était dominé par les nausées et vomissements suivis des prurits. Tous les patients ayant présenté un syndrome de mal être post rachianesthésie n'avaient pas bénéficié de prise en charge. La survenue du syndrome de mal être post rachianesthésie était statistiquement associé à la présence de la morphine comme adjuvant (p=0,016). Conclusion : La rachianesthésie est une remarquable technique d'anesthésie. Néanmoins la fréquence des évènements per et post opératoires survenant au décours de cette technique n'est pas négligeable, car ils sont la source d'inconforts notables

Analysis and prediction of thyroid cancer morbidity and mortality trends in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the morbidity and mortality trends of thyroid cancer in China from 1990 to 2019, explore the causes of the trends, and predict morbidity and mortality in the future. Methods: The morbidity and mortality data of thyroid cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database. The Joinpoint regression model was used to describe the change trends. Based on the morbidity and mortality data from 2012 to 2019, a grey model GM (1,1) was constructed to predict the trends in the next ten years. The model was tested by the posterior error method and residual test method. Results: In all populations, men and women, the AAPC values of the crude morbidity rates were 4.15% (95%CI: 3.86%-4.44%, P<0.001), 5.98% (95%CI: 5.65%-6.31%, P<0.001) and 3.23% (95%CI: 2.94%-3.53%, P<0.001) respectively, the AAPC values of age-standardized morbidity rates were 2.47% (95%CI: 2.12%-2.83%, P<0.001), 3.98% (95%CI: 3.68%-4.29%, P<0.001), 1.65% (95%CI: 1.38%-1.93%, P<0.001), the AAPC values of crude mortality rates were 2.09% (95%CI: 1.92%-2.25%, P<0.001), 3.68% (95%CI: 3.45%-3.90%, P<0.001), 0.60% (95%CI: 0.50%-0.71%, P<0.001). The age-standardized mortality rates in men showed a fluctuating trend of first decrease (1990-1994), then increase (1994-2012), and then decrease (2012-2019) (AAPC=1.35%, 95%CI: 1.16%-1.53%, P<0.001). The age-standardized mortality rate in women continuously decreased (AAPC=-1.70%, 95%CI: -1.82%- -1.58%, P<0.001). The GM (1,1) models can be used for medium and long-term predictions. The results of the residual test show that the average relative error values of all models are less than 10.00%, the prediction accuracy values are more than 80.00%, and the prediction effects are good. The results of the posterior error method show that all the prediction results are good except the qualified prediction of the age-standardized morbidity rate in men. In 2029, the crude morbidity rates would increase to 3.57/100 000, 2.78/100 000, and 4.40/100 000, respectively, and the age-standardized incidence rates would increase to 2.38/100 000, 1.89/100 000, and 2.88/100 000, respectively, the crude mortality rates would increase to 0.57/100 000, 0.62/100 000 and 0.53/100 000, and the age-standardized mortality rates would decrease to 0.33/100 000, 0.42/100 000 and 0.27/100 000 in all population, men and women in China. Conclusions: The overall, gender- specific age-standardized mortality rates showed downward trends in the last decade or so, and the prediction results showed that it might further decline. However, the crude morbidity rates, age-standardized and crude mortality rates have been on the rise, and the population aging is becoming increasingly serious in China, which requires close attention and targeted prevention and control measures.